As fall approaches, your thoughts turn to the increased risk of illness. Colds, the flu and the coronavirus are all viruses that circulate in the community and cause respiratory infections. While they share some similarities in how they spread and their symptoms, there are some key differences you should understand. Knowing the differences between these common illnesses can help you take appropriate precautions to avoid getting sick, determine if you need to see a doctor and properly care for yourself or loved ones if symptoms develop.
Symptoms: How Do I Know if I Have a Cold, the Flu or COVID-19?
To determine if you have a cold, the flu, or COVID-19, it's important to consider your symptoms. While these illnesses share some similar symptoms, there are a few key differences to note.
Cold Symptoms
The common cold typically causes a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, sore throat and cough. You may also experience headache, fatigue and body aches. Cold symptoms are usually mild to moderate and last around a week.
Flu Symptoms
The flu, or influenza, causes more severe symptoms than a cold. Flu symptoms include fever, chills, body aches, fatigue, cough and sore throat. The flu can also cause vomiting and diarrhea in children. Flu symptoms usually come on suddenly and last 1-2 weeks. The flu can lead to serious complications like pneumonia, bacterial infections and hospitalization.
COVID-19 Symptoms
COVID-19 symptoms are similar to the flu, including fever, cough and shortness of breath. Other symptoms include chills, muscle pain, headache, sore throat and loss of taste or smell. COVID-19 symptoms tend to appear 2-14 days after exposure and can range from mild to severe. While COVID-19 shares some symptoms with the cold and flu, the loss of taste and smell seems to be unique to this new coronavirus.
While colds, the flu and COVID-19 may seem alike, there are distinct differences in their severity, duration and symptoms. Carefully monitoring your symptoms can help determine which illness you may have and whether you need to see a doctor. If your symptoms get worse or last more than a week, consult your physician right away.
Causes: Rhinovirus vs. Influenza vs. Coronavirus
The common cold, the flu and COVID-19 are all respiratory illnesses caused by viruses, but they differ in important ways.
Causes: Rhinovirus vs. Influenza vs. Coronavirus
- The common cold is caused by rhinoviruses, of which there are over 100 strains. The flu is caused by influenza viruses, specifically influenza A, B and C viruses. COVID-19 is caused by a new coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2. While rhinoviruses and coronaviruses are common and typically cause mild illness, influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 can be severe and even deadly.
- Influenza viruses spread through coughs, sneezes and contact with contaminated surfaces. The flu is seasonal, occurring mostly in the fall and winter. Rhinoviruses, responsible for the common cold, are spread the same way but are not seasonal. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is thought to spread mainly from person-to-person through respiratory droplets when someone coughs or sneezes and also possibly by touching a contaminated surface.
- Vaccines exist for influenza but not for the common cold or COVID-19. However, researchers around the globe are working on developing a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. Until an effective vaccine is approved, the best way to reduce your risk of getting or spreading these respiratory illnesses is by practicing social distancing, frequent hand washing, covering coughs and sneezes and staying home if you feel sick.
By understanding the differences between these common viruses, you can take appropriate precautions to avoid getting sick and help stop the spread of disease. Staying up to date with medical guidelines from health organizations will also help keep your community safe and healthy.
Incubation Period: How Long Before Symptoms Appear?
The incubation period refers to the time between exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of symptoms. For COVID-19, the incubation period is thought to be between 2 to 14 days, most commonly around 5 days. However, some infected individuals have remained asymptomatic for longer periods before symptoms develop.
COVID-19 Incubation Period
The incubation period for the virus that causes COVID-19 is typically 5 to 6 days but can range from 2 to 14 days. This means that if a person remains well 14 days after exposure, they are unlikely to develop symptoms. Some infected people may transmit the virus to others before symptoms develop or without ever showing symptoms (being "asymptomatic"). The incubation period for COVID-19 is longer than that of most acute viral respiratory infections, including the common cold and the flu. The time from exposure to symptom onset (known as the incubation period) is thought to be between 2 to 14 days, though symptoms typically appear within 5 days for most people. The symptoms of COVID-19 may appear within as few as 2 days or as long as 14 days after exposure. The average incubation period seems to be around 5 days. Rarely, infected individuals have remained asymptomatic for longer periods before symptoms develop.
It's possible to spread the virus for about 2 days before symptoms start and for at least 10 days after illness onset. Symptoms of COVID-19 typically include:
- Fever or chills.
- Cough.
- Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.
- Fatigue.
- Muscle or body aches.
- Headache.
- New loss of taste or smell.
- Sore throat.
- Congestion or runny nose.
- Nausea or vomiting.
- Diarrhea.
The only way to confirm COVID-19 is through a test. Most people with COVID-19 experience mild symptoms and can recover at home. However, some may require hospitalization. Older individuals and those with underlying medical conditions are at higher risk of serious illness.
Transmission: How Each Illness Spreads
The transmission of colds, the flu and COVID-19 occurs in different ways. Understanding how each illness spreads can help you take appropriate precautions.
Colds are caused by viruses that infect the nose and upper throat. They typically spread from person to person through:
- Coughs and sneezes that release respiratory droplets containing the virus.
- Close personal contact such as kissing, shaking hands and touching surfaces that have the virus on them.
- Touching your nose, eyes or mouth after touching contaminated objects or surfaces.
The influenza virus spreads in a similar manner through coughs and sneezes, as well as indirect contact with contaminated surfaces. However, the flu virus can also spread through airborne transmission when small particles containing the virus stay suspended in the air for long periods of time.
COVID-19 primarily spreads from person to person through respiratory droplets when someone coughs, sneezes or talks. Transmission may occur through:
- Close contact (within 6 feet) with an infected person.
- Inhalation of respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes.
- Touching your nose, mouth or eyes after touching contaminated surfaces.
Airborne transmission of COVID-19 may be possible in enclosed spaces with inadequate ventilation. The virus may spread to others even when the carrier is asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic. COVID-19 appears to spread more easily than the flu and common colds.
Duration: How Long Am I Contagious for and How Long Will Symptoms Last?
The duration of illness and contagious period can vary significantly between colds, the flu and COVID-19. Understanding the differences is key to limiting the spread of each virus.
Cold
Cold symptoms typically last around 1 to 2 weeks. You are contagious starting a few days before symptoms appear and up to 5 to 7 days after becoming sick. The contagious period may last longer in children and people with weakened immune systems.
Influenza (Flu)
Flu symptoms usually appear within 1 to 4 days after exposure and last around 7 to 14 days. However, cough and fatigue can persist for 2 weeks. You can spread the flu virus from 1 day before symptoms develop up to 5 to 7 days after becoming sick. Young children and people with weakened immune systems may be contagious for longer.
COVID-19
The duration of COVID-19 symptoms is still being studied but appears to range from 2 to 14 days after exposure based on current research. The contagious period may begin up to 2 days before symptoms appear and can last at least 10 days after symptoms start and possibly up to 20 days in some cases. Asymptomatic spread is possible, making it difficult to determine an exact contagious period without testing.
To summarize, colds typically last the shortest time, around 1 to 2 weeks, with a contagious period of 5 to 7 days. The flu tends to last 7 to 14 days, with contagiousness lasting 5 to 7 days. COVID-19 has the longest duration so far observed, with symptoms lasting up to 14 days or more and contagiousness potentially lasting 10 days to 3 weeks after symptom onset, especially for asymptomatic carriers.
These time periods are general estimates. The best way to determine if you are still contagious with any of these illnesses is to check with your doctor. They may recommend continued isolation, wearing a mask and testing (if available) to confirm when you are no longer spreading the virus.
Treatment: Managing Symptoms and Care
To manage your symptoms and properly care for yourself if you have the flu, cold or COVID-19, several steps should be taken:
Stay home and rest
The most important thing you can do is stay home, rest and avoid close contact with people as much as possible. Get extra sleep, drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration and consider using over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen, ibuprofen, decongestants or cough suppressants to relieve specific symptoms like fever, body aches, congestion or cough.
Monitor your symptoms
Closely monitor your symptoms, especially if they start to worsen or become severe. Seek medical care immediately if you experience any of the following:
- Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath.
- Chest pain or pressure.
- Confusion or inability to wake up.
- Bluish lips or face.
For COVID-19, also seek care right away if you notice a new symptom like loss of taste or smell. It's best to call your doctor before going to a clinic, emergency room or hospital. They can direct you to the right place based on your symptoms and medical history.
Isolate yourself
To avoid infecting others, isolate yourself as much as possible. Stay in a separate room from other household members and use a separate bathroom if available. Avoid sharing personal household items like dishes, glasses, towels and bedding with others. Disinfect frequently touched surfaces in shared spaces daily. For COVID-19, isolation should last at least 10 days after symptoms started and at least 24 hours with no fever and symptom improvement.
Wear a face mask
If you need to be around others, wear a face mask. Disposable face masks can help prevent respiratory droplets from traveling into the air when you cough, sneeze or talk. Be sure to dispose of used masks properly and wash your hands after handling a used mask.
Following these recommendations can help you recover safely at home and avoid serious health complications. Be sure to contact your doctor right away if your condition worsens or does not start to improve. With rest and proper care, you should start to feel better within a week or so.
Preventive Measures: How to Avoid Getting Sick
Practice Good Hygiene
Wash your hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after touching commonly shared surfaces. Hand washing is one of the best ways to avoid getting sick and spreading illness. Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer when soap and water are not available.
Avoid close contact with people who are sick and stay home if you are sick. Cover your coughs and sneezes with your elbow or a tissue, then throw the tissue in the trash. Disinfect commonly touched surfaces in the home, workplace, schools and shared spaces such as keyboards, desks, light switches, doorknobs, phones and tablets.
Get Plenty of Sleep
Getting adequate sleep is essential for a healthy immune system. Lack of sleep can weaken your immunity and make you more susceptible to viruses and other pathogens. Most adults need 7 to 9 hours of sleep per night to function at their best.
Exercise Regularly
Exercise helps boost your immunity. Even taking a 30 minute walk five times a week can help. Yoga or Tai Chi are also excellent for both the body and mind. However, avoid strenuous exercise when you're sick. Rest and recover instead.
Manage Your Stress
Chronic stress weakens your immunity. Try relaxation techniques like meditation, deep breathing, journaling or yoga. Spend time with loved ones and engage in hobbies or activities that you find meaningful or fun. Seek professional help from a therapist if needed.
Eat a Healthy Diet
Focus on whole foods like fruits and vegetables, whole grains and lean protein. Stay hydrated and drink plenty of water. Limit sugar, red meat and processed foods. Getting the right nutrition will help keep your immunity strong. Consider taking a multivitamin to address any deficiencies.
By following recommended safety measures and living a balanced lifestyle with good self-care, you can boost your immunity and avoid getting sick this season. Be well!
High-Risk Groups: Who's Most at Risk for Severe Illness
Certain groups of people are at higher risk of developing severe illness from COVID-19. If you are in one of these groups, take extra precautions to avoid getting sick.
Older Adults
As you age, your risk for severe illness from COVID-19 increases. People in their 60s and older, especially those living in nursing homes or long-term care facilities, are more likely to experience complications from the virus. Their immune systems are less able to fight off infections and underlying health conditions become more common with age.
People with Underlying Medical Conditions
Individuals of any age with serious underlying health conditions are also more susceptible to life-threatening problems from COVID-19. This includes people with heart disease, diabetes, chronic lung disease, kidney disease, obesity, asthma and other respiratory conditions. The virus can worsen symptoms of these diseases and make them much more difficult to manage.
Pregnant Women
Pregnant women experience changes to their bodies that may increase their risk of severe illness from viruses like COVID-19. They are more prone to respiratory infections in general and the virus could lead to complications during delivery or health issues for the baby. Pregnant women should take special precautions like social distancing and frequent hand washing to avoid infection.
People with Disabilities
Those with disabilities or who need additional healthcare support, such as respiratory assistance or daily nursing care, must be vigilant against COVID-19 exposure and infection. Their medical support systems can make them more vulnerable and disabilities may impact their ability to avoid infection risks or communicate symptoms. Caregivers should also take strict precautions when interacting with high-risk disabled individuals.
Older adults, especially those over 60, as well as individuals with preexisting medical conditions, pregnant women and disabled persons are most susceptible to dangerous, life-threatening complications from COVID-19. By taking recommended safety measures like social distancing, hand washing and mask wearing, these high-risk groups can reduce their chances of getting sick. But if symptoms develop, medical care should be sought immediately.
FAQ: Common Questions About Colds, Flu and COVID-19 Answered
Common colds, the flu and COVID-19 are all respiratory illnesses caused by viruses, but they are caused by different types of viruses. Here are some of the most frequently asked questions about these illnesses and how they differ:
How long does it take for symptoms to appear after exposure?
For colds and the flu, symptoms typically appear 1 to 4 days after exposure to the virus. For COVID-19, symptoms appear 2 to 14 days after exposure, most commonly around 4 to 5 days.
What are the common symptoms?
Common symptoms of colds and the flu include:
- Runny or stuffy nose
- Sore throat
- Cough
- Muscle aches
- Headache
- Fatigue
Common symptoms of COVID-19 include:
- Fever or chills
- Cough
- Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
- Fatigue
- Muscle or body aches
- Headache
- New loss of taste or smell
Sore throat
- Congestion or runny nose
- Nausea or vomiting
- Diarrhea
How are these illnesses transmitted?
Colds and the flu spread through:
- Respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes.
- Close personal contact, such as touching or shaking hands.
COVID-19 spreads through:
- Respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes.
- Close personal contact, such as touching or shaking hands.
- Touching an object or surface with the virus on it, then touching your mouth, nose, or eyes.
What can I do to avoid getting sick?
To avoid colds, the flu and COVID-19:
- Wash your hands frequently.
- Avoid close contact with people who are sick.
- Cover your coughs and sneezes.
- Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces.
- Get the flu vaccine each year.
- Consider wearing a face mask.
- Practice social distancing.
Conclusion
While colds, flus and COVID-19 share some similar symptoms, they are very different illnesses caused by different viruses. Understanding the differences between them can help you better evaluate your symptoms and health risks. If you are experiencing symptoms like fever, cough and fatigue, it is best to contact your doctor right away for an accurate diagnosis and advice on next steps for care and precautions. Your health and the health of those around you should be the top priority. Though uncertainty remains, we can each do our part by following recommended safety measures and supporting organizations conducting further research on treatment and prevention. Knowledge is power, so continue to stay up to date with the latest information from health authorities. Together, we have the power to contain this virus and emerge stronger.
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